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Leishmania major
''Leishmania major'' is a species of protozoa found in the genus ''Leishmania'', and is associated with the disease zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (also known as "Aleppo boil," "Baghdad boil," "Bay sore," "Biskra button," "Chiclero ulcer," "Delhi boil," "Kandahar sore," "Lahore sore," "Oriental sore," "Pian bois," and "Uta"). ''L. major'' is an intracellular pathogen which infects the macrophages and dendritic cells of the immune system.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.sanger.ac.uk/resources/downloads/protozoa/leishmania-major.html )〕 Though ''Leishmania'' species are found on every continent aside from Antarctica, ''Leishmania major'' is found only in the Eastern Hemisphere, specifically in Northern Africa, the Middle East, Northwestern China, and Northwestern India.〔
== Life cycle ==
As a trypanosomatid, ''L. major'' begins its lifecycle in amastigote form in the midgut of the main vector, female sand flies (''Phlebotomus spp.'').〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/leishmaniasis/biology.html )〕 Once in the gut of the sand fly, the parasites change from aflagelated amastigotes into flagellated promastigotes for 1–2 weeks until they are fully developed, a which point they make their way to the proboscis.〔 Upon biting a mammalian host, promastigotes are released into the bloodstream, where they are engulfed by macrophages.〔 Following engulfment, promastigotes differentiate into amastigotes.〔 Amastigotes are oval or round, and have a diameter between 2-3μm. Additionally, they contain a large, eccentrically placed nucleus along with a kinetoplast (which holds extracellular DNA).〔 Being equipped to survive the acidic environment inside the phagosomes of macrophages, the amastigotes reproduce through the process of binary fission.〔 At this point the amastigotes are released throughout the body, and can be ingested by female sand flies, thus completing the cycle.〔 ''L. major'' has a sexual cycle, including a meiotic process. Mating only occurs in the sand fly vector.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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